The zone of latent solutions (ZLS) hypothesis argues instead that the behavioural form of nut-cracking is individually learnt, whilst non-copying social learning fosters frequency differences across populations. However, copying might not be the most parsimonious explanation for nut-cracking, considering the lack of evidence for spontaneous copying in this species. One of the most cited examples, and UN-protected, is nut-cracking in chimpanzees. Several species of non-human apes have been suggested to rely on copying to acquire some of their behavioural forms.
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